This study focuses on the recent past of the concept of sustainability, and one of its most important components, environmental sustainability which included our lives in the second half of the 20th century. Sustainable development was recognized internationally for the first time in 1987 as a general expression of the search for a balance among economy, society, and nature in terms of the resources with the principle of intergenerational equality. After this date, both Turkey and many other nations of the world provided various agreements and commitments on environmental sustainability related to their concerns for the common future. In this context, the aim of the study is to review the progress and the results of these various approaches. Turkey’s history of environmental sustainability at both international and national levels has
been examined in four periods. Periods are examined according to dominant sentiment, national period-specific characteristics, international treaties, legislative regulations, urban planning characteristics, and planning paradigm titles. It is found that both global and local goals have not been achieved yet, by this study which scrutinizes the recent history with almost 50 years to the present. The process that started with real problems and sensitivity in the practice continued with fashion and discursive expressions in times. It is understood that the sustainable urban environment, one of the main goals of urban planning has also turned into an ideal. Therefore, the steps that will be taken by Turkey within the environmental crisis period which have been experienced since 2010 are also supposed to determine the future of urban planning.

Industrialization, which started in Britain in the 18th century, spread rapidly to many parts of the world, especially Europe. With the mass production, the transition from human power to machine power has begun and industrial structures, which are the new type of space with large spans in which machines produce, have begun to be built. These structures, which have been operating for years, are abandoned and remain idle due to the inadequacy of the natural resource in the areas and the insufficient sizes of the structures. From this point on, the fate of these structures is drawn depending on the approach and sensitivity of the country where the factories are located. Preserving these structures, which are evidence of the period in which they operated, ensures that the period when the factory was founded and worked remains still in the collective memory. In recent years, when architectural conservation was limited to only a few types of structures, industrial heritage also became an important area of protection. Some countries gave attention to the industrial heritage conservation are examples for others. One of the prominent countries in this regard is Germany. The Zollverein Mine Complex is located in Germany's Ruhr Area and remained idle after its closure in 1986. Many years of renovation works have been carried out in order to preserve the complex, which witnessed the industrial structure of a period, with the least possible intervention and to reintegrate it into the society. This complex, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2001, sets an good example for the whole world in terms of evaluating the industrial heritage, not only with its protected structures, but also with the new and contemporary structures added to the complex. The Mining Complex, which reflects the cultural and industrial history of the city, is handled as a case study within the scope of industrial heritage. Within the scope of the research, industrial facilities, which are the important components of the Industrial and Cultural Heritage and play active roles in the physical development of the city, were examined. Conservation and reuse proposals for transferring the existing industrial heritage to future generations are discussed and studied on the Zollverein project example.

It can be argued that as a society, we are in a divided situation with respect to our outlook on trees. On the one hand, there are the supporters of natural ecosystem, and on the other, a viewpoint that sees the tree as a worthless obstacle. In this societal context, although the public garden project that has been on the agenda of our cities since 2018 appears to be a positive attempt, considering the open and green space need in particularly large cities, this project has multiple aspects that should be examined thoroughly. In this paper, the topic of public gardens is evaluated based on previous research with its ecological, economic, political, symbolic-ideological, and socio-cultural dimensions. Following this evaluation, the topic’s planning dimension is discussed by drawing on Jane Jacobs’ analyses, particularly regarding neighbourhood parks
in her work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. In this study, an answer to the question of “What would Jane Jacobs say for the public gardens?” is searched for through interpretations and evaluations, inspired by Jacobs’ aforementioned book. In this way, the topic of public gardens on the Turkish cities’ agenda is problematized with the same analytical attitude that Jacobs adopted against the traditional urban planning understanding.

This article aimed to evaluate the quality of life across the NUTS-3 regions in Turkey with spatial aspects regarding objective and subjective indicators so that to contribute into socio-economic development and urbanization policies. Bringing the discussion of economists and geographers in measuring urban quality of life into regional development and sustainability context, this study applied principal component and k-means cluster analysis. Accordingly, five components constitute urban life quality in Turkey. Most distinguishing components are urbanization with “Higher Life Standards” and urbanization as “Happy, Healthy and Secure”. That is, more economic, physical and social infrastructure investments seem always not to provide happiness and satisfaction. Based on these components, the cluster analysis revealed four city clusters. Cluster-2, which encompass greater cities and their neighbors with various scales in western Turkey, has the highest life standards
and obtains intermediately happy residents. Surrounding them, Cluster-3 includes medium-small scale cities, which are the happiest cities that satisfy well-being utmost. Despite medium-level life standards, Cluster-1 possesses unhappiest cities mostly in eastern and southeastern regions with greater population. In the same region, Cluster-4 cities are happier in spite of their lower level objective qualities. Based on results, higher objective life quality in greater cities addresses centralization and spillover effects, while lower subjective quality tends to be centrifugal. As greater cities experience both positive and negative influences of urbanization, the subjective evaluations decline in contrast to neighboring and more distant cities. Moreover, cities of eastern and southeastern regions seem to experience less positives and more externalities, which might be due to security problems.

Urban sprawl takes place in the literature as a form of growth seen in almost all cities in the world after 1950s. Urban sprawl, which is defined as a low density, leapfrog development towards the periphery of cities, causes ineffective use of urban space and environmental problems.
lthough increasing population is the most important reason of urban sprawl, other factors are as important as population growth. Generally
ccepted reasons intend to explain dynamics of sprawl. However, the political, legal, cultural structures, level of development and even urbanization dynamics of the countries have different effects on the urban sprawl process. Therefore, evaluating the factors causes of the sprawl for each country is vital for understanding the process and developing solutions. The aim of this study, in addition to addressing the factors in the literature related to urban sprawl, is to evaluate sprawling dynamics in Turkey and to reveal the factors that cause sprawling in the city of Konya. In the field research, the city of Konya was selected and the changes in the macroform of the city over the years were analyzed using satellite photographs. In addition, the effects of planning on the development of the city were tried to identify by examining city plans. Along with the factors affecting all cities globally, Turkey also has experienced major changes in cities due to its incorporation into the world economy after 1980s and liberal policies. Konya, as one of the cities that expands in a planned manner since the 1940s, has had important implementations in terms of housing/planning policies. In recent years, public and private capital investments have played important role and caused a type of sprawl specific to Konya which took place under the 'control of planning'.

Istanbul has always been a flourishing metropolis with regard to the qualified cultural accumulation resulting from the traces of its historical stratification and the combination of these traces. With the advent of the 20th century, the modern architectural products are also a part of this accumulation. However, despite being involved under the definition of cultural heritage, they are perceived as elements destroying the historical environment. This situation resulted in the loss of modern architectural heritage through the misinterpreted practices of urban transformation.
The protection of Turkey's modern architectural heritage is also on the agenda as a problematic issue discussed at different scales because of the transformation-oriented decisions. This study focuses on Talimhane, a modernist project designed and implemented in the first half of the 20th century. Within the scope of the article, Talimhane, which was an urban open space used as the military training place of Taksim Artillery Barracks in the past, is introduced with regards to its formation in the 1930s as a holistic residential area and its development in the 1940s.
Then, the social, physical and functional transformation of the area, which has been under evolution since the 1950s, is emphasized and this transformation is documented with the help of current situation analyses. The conclusion part, which critically evaluates the destructive impacts of urban transformation on the modern architectural heritage, aims to draw attention on the existing potentials in the preservation of modern architectural heritage not limited to Talimhane case.

The Slow City movement, emerged in Italy in 1999, to increase the recognition of cities and ensure local sustainable development. The Slow City title is used as a tool for increasing the recognition of cities, development of tourism and boosting competitiveness. However, increasing recognition and the number of tourists can lead to changes in urban space and land use that contradict the slow philosophy. These cities are faced with threats such as migra-tion, construction on agricultural and natural areas, sprawl beyond the original urban pattern, increased number of tourists, lack of transportation and infrastructure and increasing vehicle traffic, culminating in departure from the Slow City criteria. Therefore, Slow Cities need a road map in order to combat these pressures and have to create a retrospective improvement paradigm to ad-dress the negative urban activities that have been implemented. This study investigates the impacts of increased recognition on urban space in Sýðacýk neighborhood of Seferihisar, which is the first Slow City of Turkey. Changes in urban land use following the acquisition of the Slow City title are analyzed in association with the local values and increasing migration and tourism pressure is discussed within the scope of slow philosophy and criteria. In the study, a scoring system was applied with slow city criteria. The study proposes planning approaches that aim to improve the Slow City affiliation processes by revealing the conflicts and threats that arise in urban space following increased international recognition of cities that are branded as a Slow City.

The heritage of a city is the essential element of urban cul-ture and identity with their authentic qualities. The social and cultural values of the registered heritage are expected to be agreed on without any consideration or argumentation. On the other hand, these values are under the direct influence of ur-ban development and construction sector because they, at the same time, are the economic properties together with own-ership rights. In this respect, the relationship between social value and economic value becomes an important parameter in achieving the goal of urban conservation action. In order to ob-tain successful results in conservation a consensus on the social and cultural value of the heritage is mandatory among all ac-tors. However, considering our experiences it is seen that the heritage registration and conservation status create a negative perception for historic buildings or areas in economic manner. This paper aims to compare the economic value changes of the real estates that are positioned inside and outside of the Talas (Kayseri) urban conservation area between 2012 and 2019. The plots that are not registered as heritage in urban conservation area and the plots take place in rapidly urbanised parts of Talas outside of the conservation area are valuated and compared ac-cording to inflation, euro and hedonic hosing price index ratios. The paper argues the rapid rent transformation experienced in urbanization process in Talas and changes in the values of real estates in urban conservation area by using the official figures realised in capital market conditions.

Cities’ vulnerability to natural and man-made threats are ever increasing. Cities are under the threat of both natural disasters such as earthquakes, avalanches and landslides; and climate-driven challenges such as excessive precipitation, heatwaves and droughts. This calls for a need of handling natural and human systems together for the future of cities. However, climate and earthquake action plans which naturally present a direct link to spatial planning, are often produced separately in the Turkish planning practice. This study advocates that strategies for com-bating earthquake and climatic challenges should be harmonized together within the spatial planning system, and respectively, aims at presenting a holistic planning approach. For this purpose, the study first examines the ways in which disaster and climate issues are addressed in the current laws and national action plans. Then, in line with the ‘Regulation on the Preparation of Spatial Plans’, it examines the spatial planning scales with an aim of determining the potential areas in which disaster and climate issues could be planned together. Taking this as a point of departure, the paper presents a set of planning strategies responding to earthquake risk and climate crisis at regional, city, neighbourhood and build-ing scales. It discusses synergies and conflicts among these strat-egies at different scales. This study targets to develop a holistic perspective for earthquake and climate change induced disasters, for the decision-makers and practitioners operating in spatial planning processes.

The aim of this article is to examine the smart governance in order to increase the effectiveness of spatial planning in cities, which are one of the domains of climate change, and to discuss the current situation of smart governance in Turkey within the framework of climate change adaptation. For the purpose; firstly, the effects of climate change were defined and a two-stage literature review was conducted. In the first stage, in order to understand the re-lationship between climate change adaptation and spatial planning the indicators by which spatial planning of adaptation to climate change can be evaluated were examined. The prominent issues for spatial adaptation to climate change have been identified as including spatial adaptation policies, governance model, implemen-tation level, participation and the role of technology. In the second stage, literature was reviewed again on the prominent issues and the smart governance was obtained in it. Then, the scope of the smart governance approach in spatial adaptation to climate change in Turkey was discussed through spatial planning principles, partici-pation, local level and technology. The "content analysis" method, which allows descriptive evaluations over the literature, was used as a research method. As a result, spatial planning principles and relevant actors were identified at the local level, but some defi-ciencies in the use of technology were determined. Therefore, it has been asserted that smart governance in spatial adaptation to climate change in Turkey has the potential and is open to develop-ment, but it has not yet reached sufficient scope.

This study focuses on the science-policy interfaces established for knowledge producers and policymakers/planners to interact in policymaking and planning processes regarding climate change. The study claims that in order to develop effective policies/plans against the threat of climate change, it is necessary to create “co-production-based science-policy interfaces” in which knowledge producers and policymakers/planners produce knowledge, policy, and action together. The exploration is divided into two main parts. Primarily, the theoretical framework of the study in the con-text of the concepts of “knowledge”, “scientific knowledge”, and “science-policy interfaces” is presented. Afterward, to investigate the science-policy interfaces in practice, the results of the case study, which examines the Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA) and the Izmir Development Agency (ÝZKA), are discussed. The findings of this study demonstrate that IZKA prioritizes climate change and creates effective science-policy interfaces regarding cli-mate change-related issues, whereas ISTKA regards climate change only as a “co-benefit” within the other priority areas of the agency and, at least compared to IZKA, its activities on climate change focused science-policy interfaces are passive and insufficient.

Growing energy need is obvious considering the increasing pop-ulation, industrial development, together with today's fossil fuel based living conditions. Within this framework renewable energy transition is inevitable in search for a long-term solution to this growing energy need. However, several public oppositions are en-countered during such transition processes. This study focuses on the wind energy - an important source of renewable energy - in case of Ýzmir which is the leading city in Turkey in terms of number of wind farms as well as intensive public oppositions. Study reveals social sensitivity areas of wind energy production regarding natu-ral environment and economic life (agriculture, animal husbandry), sensory (effect on visual integrity, noise), health (effect on human health), technological (magnetic field and turbine number) issues. The study reveals individual and collective perceptions about the sensitivity areas, on the other hand, there is an opinion that does not consider the expressed issues as a problem. The findings show the validity of social sensitivity, but also raise the possibility of making sensitivity assessment based on the thought that there is no such thing or what he heard from others. According to the findings of the study, increasing number of wind farms within the context of Ýzmir creates a “saturation” among the society about wind energy. In this respect, “minimum distance” criteria should be determined for the wind farm site selection to the areas where nature and human activities take place. “Cumulative effect” caused by the concentration of wind farms in a certain area should also be taken into consideration. Finally, public participation during these processes and being informed is urgent.