Adaptive Planning: Examining Adaptation Based Urban Policies and Practices in Turkey

Natural and manmade urban changes often have negative impacts on social, economic and environmental structure of the cities, such as habitat loss, pollution, loss of common property resources, poverty, displacement of communities and unemployment. Nowadays, the impacts of urban changes have started to be seen far beyond the borders of the cities. Within this context, many scholars and decision makers interested in urban planning have started to focus on the term of adaptability to cope with urban changes that create external stresses, dangers and risks (Yamu et al, 2015; Raco et al., 2012; Rauws et al, 2016; Wendt, 2015; Jabareen, 2013; De Roo, 2015; Ahern, 2011). In this context, adaptive planning, which is defined as “creating conditions for development which support a city’s capacity to respond to changing circumstances”, is increasingly acknowledged in the planning literature (Rauws et al., 2016: 1). At national and international platforms, in order to cope with the current or unexpected impacts of urban changes such as environmental crisis linked to climate change, natural disasters and international migration flow due to the war, policies were developed in terms of adaptive planning and the adaptative capacity of the cities was aimed to be increased. In adaptive planning process different approaches are used based on the type of urban changes and to provide urban adaptation they focused on various key elements such as modelling, monitoring, simulation, learning. In this study, how the subject of urban adaptation was approached in Turkey was explained and the projects based on adaptive planning were evaluated with the aim of providing a first impression to this field. With this aim 48 projects, which are determined through searching the urban adaptive plans in Turkey, were examined in an analytical framework. Adaptation subjects, related actors and their collaboration and funding programs of the projects were examined and their adaptive planning approaches, processes and key elements that they focused on were demonstrated.

Kentsel Adaptasyon Planlamasý: Türkiye’de Adaptasyon Odaklý Kentsel Politika ve Uygulamalarýn Ýncelenmesi

Kentlerde meydana gelen doðal ve insan kaynaklý deðiþiklikler, kentlerin sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel yapýlarýný habitat kaybý, kirlilik, yoksulluk, topluluklarýn yerinden edilmesi ve iþsizlik gibi sorunlar ile ciddi bir þekilde etkilemektedir. Günümüzde, bu deðiþimlerin etkisi kentlerin sýnýrlarýnýn çok ötesinde görülebilmektedir. Kentsel planlama alanýyla iliþkili bilim insanlarý ve karar vericiler dýþ baskýlar, tehlikeler, riskler oluþturan kentsel deðiþimler ile baþa çýkmak için adaptasyon kavramýna odaklanmaya baþlamýþlardýr (Yamu ve ark., 2016; Raco ve ark., 2012; Rauws ve ark., 2016; Wendt, 2015; Jabareen, 2013; De Roo, 2015; Ahern, 2011). Planlama literatüründe “bir kentin deðiþen koþullara cevap verme kapasitesini destekleyen kalkýnma koþullarýný yaratmak” olarak tanýmlanan adaptasyon planlarý giderek daha fazla kabul görmeye baþlamýþtýr (Rauws ve ark., 2016: 1). Ulusal ve uluslararasý platformlarda iklim deðiþikliðine baðlý çevre krizleri, doðal afetler veya savaþ sonucu gerçekleþen uluslararasý göç gibi öngörülen ve öngörülemeyen kentsel deðiþimlerin mevcut ya da beklenmeyen etkilerine karþýlýk kentsel adaptasyon planlarý kapsamýnda politikalar üretilmiþ ve kentlerin adaptasyon kapasitesinin artýrýlmasý hedeflenmiþtir. Kentsel adaptasyon planlarý sürecinde kentsel deðiþim türüne baðlý olarak farklý yaklaþýmlar izlenmiþ ve adaptasyonu saðlayan modelleme, izleme, simülasyon ve öðrenme gibi çeþitli etmenlere odaklanýlmýþtýr. Bu çalýþmada Türkiye’de kentsel adaptasyon konusunun nasýl ele alýndýðýnýn ortaya koyulmasý ve bu kapsamda yapýlan projelere yönelik bir ilk izlenim oluþturulmasý amaçlanmýþtýr. Bu amaçla Türkiye’deki kentsel adaptasyon planlarý araþtýrýlarak tespit edilen 48 proje kentsel deðiþim türüne baðlý olarak analitik bir çerçevede incelenmiþtir. Projelerin adaptasyon konularý, ilgili aktörler ve iþ birlikleri, yararlandýklarý hibe programlarý araþtýrýlmýþ ve projelerin adaptasyon temelli planlama yaklaþýmlarý, süreçleri ve odaklandýklarý adaptasyon etmenleri ortaya konmuþtur.