While the global COVID-19 pandemic process affects cities and urban life, it has been observed that cities growing with neoliberal policies mostly fail to fight against pandemics. Cities that ignore the public interest and grow with profit-oriented urbanization policies have become places where inequality and segre-gation are experienced the most. Therefore, the people do not have equal conditions to fight the virus in urban space. The pan-demic process, which deepens the pre-existing inequalities and segregation in the cities, brought the public health perspective, which was ignored in the design and planning processes, to the agenda as a priority. Thus, the socio-spatial inequalities that af-fect public health and shape pandemics deserve more reflection. In this regard, this study discusses the pre-existing socio-spatial inequalities experienced during the pandemic and puts forward the self-sufficient "20-minute neighborhoods" model as an alternative perspective. Thus, it may be possible to create fair, accessible, healthy, liveable urban spaces for everyone, prioritizing the public health perspective.

This article first examines the concept of “good design” in the context of virtue, with respect to the making/becoming relation, as part of knowledge turning into virtue and the concept of ‘good’, then compares it to the contemporary approaches of design again with respect to the making/becoming relation. An explanation of how humans privilege themselves as a species by using nature as an instrument by means of design based on the contexts of knowledge and virtue will be attempted. The fact that humans learn and experience the ways of acquiring the knowledge of making, of protecting and transferring that knowledge on one hand, on the other hand, they attain the concept of virtue through the tool they have made that functions properly and completely will be discussed. In this way, how the context of knowledge and virtue produces itself in the principle of ‘being’ that is actually of humans will be investigated through the action of ‘making’.

Increasing population and industrial developments in the last century have caused dramatic effects on ecosystem functions. The fact that the ecosystem resources of the world are limited and the increasing supply and demand for these resources have revealed that natural resources should be investigated in more detail. In this direction, ecosystem good and services have turned into a research field that has been increasing gradually for the last ten years as a landscape, urban and region planning tool. There are many differences and complexities in the system of definition, scope and categories of ecosystem services. In addition to the diversity of definition and categorization, the ecological outputs of ecosystem products and services cannot be transformed into an economic basis. In this case, the ecosystem services studies exhibit an approach that is handle within a narrow scope. This study focuses on ecosystem services from a superficial point of view, rather than nature and indirectly the position of the ecosystem within human-environmental thinking systems. One of the most important driving forces determining this position is the economy. The ecosystem services approach has been shaped by many environmental move-ments and actions that have taken place in the past rather than being a newly discovered concept. In this context, this study has been carried out to contribute to the lack of literature in the interface of ecological and economic interference with the transformations of ecosystem good and services, changing perspectives, key persons and key events.

As is known, open-green spaces are an integral part of urban sus-tainability. They provide ecological, social, recreational, and spatial contributions to cities, with many different typologies. It is possible to reflect these contributions (multifunctional) to the urban space with a systematic approach. In this context, both in the world and in Turkey, many goals, strategies, and standards regarding open-green space have been developed/being developed. In recent years, the concept of the nation garden, which has historical importance, has come to the fore as an open-green space typology in Turkey. This concept has also started to be addressed with different open-green space strategies. Accordingly in this study, the role of nation garden concept in the planning and design processes of the open-green space system was examined. In this context, the historical development of different open-green space typologies in the world and in Turkey has been emphasized. In the next stage, the legal administrative structure in Turkey regarding open-green spaces was examined. For this purpose, determinations were made regarding the effect of the Nation Garden Guideline, put forward by the central administration, on the planning and design of the open-green space system. Ultimately, some suggestions were made for the integration of nation gardens with ecological corridors, which were also brought to the agenda by the central administration. Thus, a base that can lead to the integration of the nation garden concept with other open-green spaces and the planning and design process of a competent open-green space system has been put forward.

A fast, increase in urban population has been observed in Turkey from the 1950s to the 1980s through migration from rural areas to cites. The construction of slums, that are against the legislation and unplanned, has been evident in arising of irregular urbanization through the effect of fast migration. These buildings as not compatible with reconstruction legislation have been le-gitimized by the Law.775 and paralelly, construction of slums have increased incrementally. Within the following period in the re-construction of slums in the from of aparment buildings has been allowed through reconstruction amnesties and improvement re-construction plans. The pyhsical and environmentally aging slum as well as their legitimization have put the practices subject to urban transformation to the agenda. By he end of 1980s, the first urban transformation applications have taken place in Dikmen and Portakal Çiçeği Valleys. In the 2000s, urban transformation in Turkey have become subject to laws with its diverse types and have started to be widely practiced. In this paper, the development of urban transformation in Turkey has been evaluated cronologically and periodically. Each period has been taken into consideration in relation with Turkey's social, economic and political context and urbanization process. The 2000s is specific in the study due to the emergence of several laws considering urban transformation. Each law has been reviewed via its context, goal, definition of authority, actors, with authority, definition of night and outcomes.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged at the end of 2019 and is expected to continue for a few more years, is continuing to seriously affect people's lives socially, psychologically, and economically from many aspects. This process showed us that designing the built environment to reduce the impact of the pandemic is crucial since the pandemic spread as a result of people's contact with each other within the built environment. This study was conducted with this point of view, and it examined whether the “Neighborhood Sustainability” concept, which promises economically, socially and environmentally sustainable built environments, can contribute to reducing the impact of future pandemics. For this purpose, firstly, the built environment design elements related to the spread of the pandemic were identified. Through a comprehensive literature review, suggestions for the improvements and changes related to the urban design elements in the context of the pandemic were determined. Then, how these issues are handled in the LEED-ND system, which is currently the most known and widely used neighborhood sustainability assessment system, were examined, and some suggestions for the adaptation of LEED-ND were presented. The study is thought to make significant contributions to the literature to reveal the importance of sustainable neighborhood design and construction in terms of pandemics and shed light on the development studies of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment (NSA) systems.

In Turkey, urban planning is provided through the regulatory planning system. However, significant changes in the planning system since 2000 have triggered a shift in the planning system towards a flexible planning system in practice despite the structure in theory. A flexible system is also evident in urban renewal practices. Flexibility in urban renewal implementations occurs in two different ways. Firstly, urban renewal practices are applied in accordance with special laws that have been in effect since 2004. These special laws bypass the hierarchy that being a basic feature of the regulatory planning system. This situation causes to emerge urban renewal practices at outside of existing planning system, and hereby, a great deal of flexibility in urban renewal practices, in sense of giving of new development rights reveals. Second is related to the using of power in the legal regulations regarding urban renewal. With the legal regulations, both the central and local administrations discretionary power are given discretionary powerin urban renewal processes. This situation directly influenced the shaping of flexibility.

Cultural routes, which are one of the many tools in the conservation of cultural resources, provide the discovery of heritage values such as the natural landscape, traditions, lifestyle, handicrafts, historical and architectural values of the region through travels and trekking experience. This discovery, beyond conservation, in-creases its international scale recognition and contributes to the economic development of the region. Because of complexity of cities, especially in the post-industrial period and with the effect of globalization, a rapidly changing has started in the society. Increasing level of welfare with the increase in education level has led to the formation of environmental awareness and the desire to explore cultural resources. Especially, with the travels of the city dwellers to see the cultures of their own regions, own countries or other countries, it has become a necessity to discover these resources and to transfer them to future generations by protecting them. Inclusion of local people in the projects realized for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage leads to the economic and social development of the region. The contribution that cultural routes, which are a tool for the protection of cultural heritage values, which constitute the main subject of the study, can provide to the region where it is located, was examined through two villages in the field study, considering the social structure of the local people, expectations and the potentials of the region. The findings obtained from the field study were transformed into an Approach Proposal on Local Participation in Cultural Routes and Socio-Economic Development through a comparative table.

Recent studies by ecofeminist perspective refer to the interrelations between gender, environment/nature, natural assets, commons and environmental movements while also discuss the global role of women within the biodiversity protection. The significant relation between the plant diversity and seed protection and the rural women whose livelihood depend on the natural assets is stated in the foreign literature; however, this issue is not adequately discussed in Turkey yet. Rural women are responsible for the seed diversity and sustainability, food cycle and safety, forage crops, husbandry, forestry and many other production and common reproduction tools. This invisible labor of women is in the midst of the conflict between the barren monocultures dictated by major agricultural companies and the immemorially lasting and long-range asset of biodiversity. In addition, from the ecofeminist perspective, it is noteworthy that women are highly visible and even at the forefront in the environmental movements that emerge as a reaction to the enclosure of the natural assets and/or ecological commons. The study discusses the relationship between the natural resources and women within the axis of the enclosure of the commons through the literature review on the concepts of ecofeminism, commons and environmental movements; and spatializes the environmental movements in Turkey by using GIS analyst tools through the media analysis.

he rapid increase in the population of cities leads to the diversification and new dimensions of environmental problems. Air pollution, which increases especially in winter, negatively affects outdoor comfort in terms of liveability in cities. The aim of this study is to analyze the movement of wind, the presence of trees and their effect on the distribution of air pollution in street canyons with different characteristics and to determine more comfortable design criteria for pedestrians at street scale. Air pollution data for 2018 were analyzed using the Interpolation method in ArcGIS 10.3 Spatial Analysis Module. Erzurum air pollution spatial analysis map was produced. According to the spatial analysis map of air pollution, four different street canyons, with and without trees, were randomly selected from the streets where the pollution is intense and less intense. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) ANYSY 16.0 software program was used in the analysis of the determined street canyons. Street analysis was compared according to wind flow velocity, building roof, trees and pedestrian level, and it was found to be lower at pedestrian level. In the streets with less air pollution, it has been calculated that there is 23% decrease in wind speed in treeless streets and 25% in tree-lined streets. In the streets with high air pollution; It was determined that there was a decrease in wind speed by 29% in the treeless street and 57% in the tree-lined street. As a result, it has been determined that street canyons play an important role in the distribution of air pollution by affecting the direction and speed of the wind according to their characteristics.
The fact that the street is parallel to the prevailing wind direction and that it receives the wind unimpeded has been seen as a healing factor in the dispersion of air pollution. It has been determined that the use of trees in narrow street canyons reduces wind speed. In addition, it has been determined that the air pollution is more intense in the streets with narrow canyon characteristics with less distance between buildings. It was emphasized that tree species that do not slow down the wind speed, for example species with high branches and a permeable texture should be preferred in the afforestation of wide street canyons. It was emphasized that if the streets are designed considering the natural characteristics of the area, they will be pedestrian friendly and more liveable places.

The Zoning Peace arrangement, which can be called the last version of zoning amnesties, was implemented in 2018 and was discussed in many ways. The building, which collapsed in Kartal on 06.02.2019 and appeared to be a Zoning Peace application, and the 5.8 magnitude earthquake in Silivri on 26.09.2019 made the status of the building stock in Istanbul controversial. The region, known as the Historical Peninsula and overlapping the borders of Fatih district, is critical due to the historical and architectural value of the building stock and its risk status. The fact that a large part of Fatih is covered by the law has enabled the illegal construction elements in the district to be legalized. This created an alarming situation in terms of the life safety of the residents and the continuity of the historical texture and cultural heritage of the district. This current and critical situation is the starting point of the article. The revealing of the contradictions between Zoning Peace and urban conservation and the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Historic Peninsula were highlighted as the aim of the article, and in this context, the negative effects of the law were determined. In order to emphasize the importance of the focus of the article, extensive literature consisting of the works of İlhan Tekeli, who has many studies on the relationship between the concepts of planning and conservation, has been examined. Tekeli's own expertise, planning and urban conservation comments, which he says gives great importance, have been compiled. In addition, the literature on the principles and practices of urban conservation has been examined and the theoretical infrastructure of the article has been strengthened. The current situation and risks of the Historic Peninsula, which were noticed throughout the article, were made visible by photographing the problematic building stock in many points of the district. Based on this, various determinations were made and suggestions were presented. With this study, it was tried to draw attention to the problems that Zoning Peace may cause in historical city centers and the Historical Peninsula, and to create an awareness.

Construction-oriented growth policies accelerated the urbanization process in the 2000s in Turkey. A series of new legal and administrative arrangements destabilized Turkey’s urban planning system, which was one of the most important tools in creating and distributing urban rents. For the first time, planning became a prominent political and market issue. However, the influence of the dominant economic policy on the spatial planning sector has seen little debate. This study focuses on private planning offices, their geographies, the impact of regulations on them and the variety of projects they serve. The data were obtained from analysis of all planning projects completed between 2003 and 2018 in Turkey by these private planning offices and approved by the relevant Chamber of City Planners, questionaries with planning offices in different cities of the country and structured interviews with planning office representatives in Istanbul and Ankara. The findings show that the number of private planning offices has increased because there are now more planning schools and that these planning offices have spread throughout Turkey. However, planning offices in Ankara still dominate the national planning sector country while planning offices in more developed cities have built their regional hegemony. The planning sector has grown after plan amendments became a prominent planning service. While upper scale spatial plans and sectoral plans are prepared by A-level private planning offices, plan amendments have become the main work of all planning offices. Private planning offices, especially newer ones, remain trapped between regulations and capital pressure.

The place that is designed for humans at the core has a dynamic structure, especially within the urban public space, and is converted over time. However, although the architectural space is designed in line with the wishes and needs of a certain number of people, urban public space is designed to meet the common expectations of the society, and social preferences come to the forefront. One of the important variables that affect preferences is the generations. With this viewpoint, the aim of the present study was to discuss the expectations of X, Y and Z generations, who live together in our present time, and the extent and changes in these expectations (if any), and the reasons for this change from a comparative perspective. The study was based on testing the hypothesis that there are differences in the expectations of generations from public space and the way they use it. The field study was conducted in Giresun, and a total of 90 questionnaires were conducted with 30 people who represented each of the X, Y and Z generations. By comparing the data obtained in the questionnaires, the preferences of generations were determined and their causality was analyzed. In this way, a discussion medium was created to form new perspectives and suggestions that would affect design decisions for urban public space.

The concept of "planning" in cities, as is understood from the general definition, are studies that are carried out to achieve the desired goals and objectives for the future of the cities. While sometimes city plans can predict the organic growth direction of the cities, set realistic goals; sometimes they can be wrong in their estimates and make very different decisions from the organic growth of cities. Within the scope of this study, the planned growth and the organic growth of cities were compared in the Isparta central district example. First planning studies for Isparta were obtained from the municipality and the ministry, then the growth areas determined within these plans were examined. Thereafter to determine how the fractal system of Isparta has changed, two different methods have been used. The first method was taken from a study conducted in 2016, and the second method was made using the CORINE database. Afterwards, the planning studies that have been made for Isparta and the methods that have been used to determine the change in the organic urban fabric compared and discussed both among themselves and with each other. All in all, the growth direction foresaw for the central district of Isparta and the organic growth direction of the city were compared and evaluated; it has been observed that the organic growth direction of the city is sometimes foreseen in the plans and decisions are taken accordingly, sometimes the plans determine the growth direction of the city, sometimes plans respond to existing demands, and sometimes the organic growth direction of the city is not supported by the plans and decisions are taken accordingly.

The concept of gentrification has been transformed since the first day the concept emerged. Today, the definition of gentrification, its spatial scale, and its geographical location has changed and the definition has been reconceptualized. One of the new gentrification concepts introduced at the beginning of the 21st century is the concept of "studentification", which was translated into our language as "öğrencileştirme". This study examines the spatial and social transformation in the region where Alahan, Anayazı, Derince, Serinyol and Zülüflühan neighborhoods are located around the main campus of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, which was the first university of Hatay and established in 1992, on the basis of the concept of "studentification", and tries to explain the process through the effect of the concept on the city's rural neighborhoods. The university campus chooses a place in the rural area of Antakya, has led to a social and spatial transformation through students. The study shows that this transformation has developed in favor of capital owners and establishes the relationship between studentification and gentrification in rural areas. In the study, where a rural area differentiated from the city center by being reshaped in line with the needs of students, thus the area is urbanized under the leadership of studentification, the capital owners can have a say in the development decisions of the area according to their economic power, changes are experienced in the physical landscape, and the low-income is indirectly displaced are among the significant findings.