Village institutes are the active subjects of planned education movement having development vision that rose from villages in the history of Turkey, which entered in the process of modernism with the proclamation of the Republic. After a national war extended for many years, a development giving precedence to the villages and focusing on education was planned by taking into consideration of high level of rural population and low level of education in the country. The spirit of enlightenment and the vision of rural institutes came together, and 21 village institutes were founded throughout the country between 1940 and 1948. On the background of founding village institutes, there are the marks of a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of this exhausted but determined country. All the village institutes were the locomotives of development by virtue of the fact that feed by endogenous resources alongside the contemporary cultural, scientific, and applied knowledge they provided. Village institutes have unique features in comparison with the usual educational institutions such as their collaborative construction processes, emphasis on practicing and producing they placed besides theoretical information, spatial organization of campuses, precious education models, planned development processes, their contributions to the locality and the country as well. When there was no public institution responsible for national and regional planning, the ministry responsible for education developed a regional-based vision while deciding the locations of these institutions, besides it introduced an education approach to the country that was very new for the world. At this point, the main purpose of this research is to evaluate the village institutes regarding the planned approach that had been taken into consideration in their establishment process. The research is conducted through the records concerning that period, and the written and visual documents compiled from the studies carried on about the village institutes. The results reached have a guiding role even for today for the regions primarily waiting for their local-specific dynamics to be revealed, and also for educational approaches those have a planning vision at national and regional levels.

Facing the pressure of urban, economic and political dynamics, the importance of conserving the historical and natural areas is increasing. Consequently, conservation approaches are also developing and new approaches for effective conservation are being developed. Although the practices in the conservation field in our country are parallel to the principles recommended by international institutions and organizations, there are still problems arising from integrated and ineffective particle approaches in the protection and management of natural and cultural heritage.
Site management, which has become an important planning tool in the conservation and management of natural and cultural heritage, has taken place in our conservation legislation and practices with an increasing number and diversity of field management plans.
In addition to the field management legislation, “Law on the Establishment of Gallipoli Historical Area Presidency of the Gallipoli Wars” No. 6546, which entered into force on 19.06.2014, “The Establishment of the Gallipoli Historical Area Presidency of the Gallipoli Wars” has begun for management of heritage.
Although the general approach and framework of the site management is defined by UNESCO, the “historical area management” approach, is a different law and approach than the administrative tools provided by the Regulation No. 26006, which was established in accordance with the law No. 2863 based on the specific characteristics of the area. When compared to organizational structure and administration, the most important difference brought by the Gallipoli Historical Site Management Legislation of the Gallipoli Wars; the Historical Area Presidency is a legal entity, in-place manage, has its own legislation, organizational model and own budget.
According to the site management approach, which is related to the law No. 2863; the president of the field, the advisory board and the authority to appoint the coordinating board are commissioned by Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The legislation of the management areas defined by the Ministry, not differentiated and there is no specific budget determined for the area.
When the preparation and implementation of field management plans are compared in terms of their processes; the historical site management plan shall be prepared by the Historical Area Presidency of the historic area or by means of service procurement, be approved by the Ministry and shall be implemented and supervised by the units within the field presidency. Site management plans are made by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
When assessed in terms of the effectiveness of conservation; historical area management is based on holistic conservation approach; deals with the historical area as a whole for the conservation and management of natural, archeological, historical and urban cultural assets. In this respect, unlike the conservation approaches that have been developed so far in our country, it emerges as an important new approach that should be evaluated with its own organization, budget and legislation, and in-place governance, effectiveness and integrity.
The specific principles developed for the conservation, improvement and development of the historic site define a new conservation approach that goes beyond the legal regulations in the existing protection legislation. This new approach is complementary to the existing conservation legislation in terms of the conservation and continuity of historic sites.
With the experience provided by all the management plan cases established in our country up until now, the new approach of the historic area administration will become an important model in the development of holistic approaches towards conservation and other historic areas waiting to be managed.

In this paper, it is aimed at demonstrating how space, as a part of the social reality and as a tool for reproduction, may contribute to the forces of social change and to the explanation of social reality. The theoretical background of the study is basically composed out of Lefebvre’s spatial triad conceptualization together with general philosophy of space. Within this frame, Gezi Park Event are handled with reference to the theme of spatial praxis and with reference to its historical development depicted via various master plans exhibiting its vicinity, satellite imaging and pictures. It has been seen that recent incidents experienced in Gezi Park can be better understood taking into consideration its past reproduction processes which mostly depend on the struggle between the actors’ interventions and counter-interventions. Such a view point necessitates focusing on the alleged immanent tension between the space representations and representations of space. Paying due interest to the rich oeuvre of Gezi Park protests, this paper will hopefully provide a socio-spatial perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.

Fear of crime is described as a fear or anxiety of becoming a victim of a crime. The fear of crime affects the way of life of the individual, is therefore a comprehensive, complicated and an important problem. It is not only a spatial matter but is also connected to social and psychological factors. This makes the concept of fear of crime an urban phenomenon. Fear of crime is associated with crime that threatens the safe life in cities, but is also partly independent of the crime itself. According to researches, the decrease in crime rates do not lead to a decrease in fear of crime in the same parallel. This process shows that there are other factors influencing the fear of crime.
In this study, fear of crime has been researched on people who live, work or are visiting Kadıköy, one of the top three safest districts in Istanbul. The study focuses on the time zone, spatial features and situations to determine causes of fear of crime. In order to be able to identify that, observations were made in the field of study and a study of 387 survey was conducted with the users of the site. In this study participants were asked what purpose and what time interval they were in Kadıköy, and they were desired to evaluate the situations and places that create fear in them.
Most of the results are confirmed the issues mentioned in the international literature. By the interpreting the spatial conditions in which the users exist, it’s seen that they make a risk assessment based on perception and that darkness and despair related to it increase the fear of crime. While issues such as feeling of insecurity are confirmed more by visitors, a few spatial measures were found not to have much effect on the fear of crime in Kadıköy. In addition to these, according to the results obtained from the questionnaire survey, places where measures should be taken about the fear of crime in Kadıköy have been determined and it has been tried to understand if the residents and visitors feel differently.

Urban areas are considered as the integrated systems which are consisted of structures, environment and people, as well as they are holding the socio-economic activities that constitute the fundamentals of the everyday life. Providing the integration of the systems, which constitute the urban areas is significant in the sense that providing the maintenance of the daily life. In this context, the places, where aforesaid socioeconomic activities going on are the components of the built environment in the urban areas. Urban planning within this sense is conceived as the most important tool, which shape the components of the urban built environment. Land use, density and neighbourhood design decisions related with the urban space have a crucial role in structuring the built environment where we are living in and the built environment has the ability of directly affecting the daily life of its inhabitants. In order to determine these effects, it is required to measure the components, which shape the built environment. In this context, a method on the neighbourhood unit scale has been proposed to enable researchers to analyse numerically the built environment within the scope of land use diversity, density situation and whether the certain neighbourhood design criteria are provided, which are the results of the planning decisions related with land use, density and neighbourhood design, respectively. This proposed method could be applied to different neighbourhoods, by considering various sub-criteria. Hereby, existing situation of the built environment, in the context of land use diversity, density and neighbourhood design could be analysed numerically. Therefore, it would be possible to determine whether there is a correlation among the obtained results with the travel behaviour, medical condition (as obesity, mental health etc.), household residential choice, sense of community and place attachment etc. of the inhabitants. As well, it would be possible to confirm if there is a relation between the results of the planning decisions in the sense of land use, density and neighbourhood design characteristics of the built environment with social, environmental and economical sustainability.

In today’s world, the number of children playing in open outdoor spaces like gardens, open spaces and especially streets, and children’s games and playing time have shrunk drastically and children’s games have changed. Compared to previous generations, children spend less time playing in open areas, particularly, in streets. Reasons like television and digital media addictions, parents’ fear of crime and security in urban spaces repress children from open outdoor spaces. However, the most significant reason is loss of integrity between residences and streets. Due to the growth in the construction of gated communities along with automobile-oriented urban planning, the culture of traditional neighborhood and street texture have almost disappeared.
The objective of the present study is to identify whether the time children spent in open spaces, children’s play areas and children’s games differentiate according to the types of settlements children live in, namely, gated communities where the traditional street texture no longer exists and non-gated residential neighborhoods where the traditional street texture still lives.
Tekirdağ province was selected as study area. In the context of the study, Hürriyet Neighborhood, where large number of gated communities take place, and Çınarlı Neighborhood, where neighborhood and traditional street textures still live, were chosen. In the study, a survey was conducted and correspondingly one primary school from each neighborhood was included to the study and students studying in these schools participated the survey.
As a result of the study, it was observed that the time spent in open spaces and children’s play areas differentiated according to the types of settlements. Children living in neighborhoods spend more time playing outdoors when compared to children living in gated communities. Children living in neighborhoods mostly prefer playing in the street. On the other hand, street is one of the leading spaces that children cannot access. Children living in gated communities prefer playing in their own gardens or playgrounds and green spaces in gated communities.